Enclosure selection for pump systems is often at the bottom of the list when it comes to addressing design or redesign. Yet choosing the wrong enclosure due to a lack of education could become a costly mistake down the road, especially if the specified enclosure fails.
This type of failure can result in a lawsuit or the loss of a good customer.
Making sure that enclosure choices are well thought out is always in a company’s best interest. When choosing enclosures, it is best to research all the available materials and current rating standards. Plus, users should consider the environment where the enclosure will be placed.
Materials Available for Electrical Component Protection
Enclosures can be made from metallic or nonmetallic material, but the material must serve its function of protection for the life of the installation. Durability and longevity are key. There are three typical types of materials available: thermoset composites, metal and thermoplastics.
Thermoset materials, such as a polyester resin combined with glass, create a unique composite fiberglass reinforced polyester (FRP) that is exceptionally durable and weather resistant. Like thermoplastics, FRP provides a greater degree of corrosion resistance than painted stainless steel, yet will perform better than metal and plastics in extremely harsh environments.
Metal: The Basics
Common metal enclosure choices included carbon steel, stainless steel and aluminum, with carbon steel being the most prominent choice based on its low initial cost. Carbon steel is typically galvanized or painted to prolong the service life. Premium metals such as stainless steel and aluminum are used where long life, corrosion resistance and weatherability are critical, such as protecting controls for junction boxes in applications.
Thermoplastics: The Basics
Thermoplastics—such as polycarbonate, polyester, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC)—offer a degree of corrosion protection beyond painted carbon steel. Thermoplastics are more susceptible to ultraviolet (UV) exposure and weathering degradation over time. Certain stabilizers are now added to extend the life of the enclosure, but ultimately, the nature of the thermoplastics will yield to extended weathering.
Image 1. Corrosion resistance of various materials (Images courtesy of Attabox)Influential Factors to Reduce the Failure of Enclosures
Often trade-offs between performance, acquisition cost and life cycle cost are made in the process to find the ultimate choice for a unique application. Consider these factors that influence the enclosure specification for applications and how each type of enclosure might stack up:
- environmental considerations
- standards requirements
- physical characteristics
- electrical characteristics
- thermal management
- condensation
- cost solutions
Environment Conditions: Special Considerations
Another factor that must be considered is how resistant the enclosure must be. Some factors to consider are:
- corrosion and chemical resistance—especially when exposed to chlorine or acid
- flammability—understand Underwriters Laboratory (UL) 94-5VA or nonhalogenated options
- safety—nonconductive or will you need modifications to secure controls
- impact resistance—consider looking into modulus of elasticity ASTM D638
- sunlight, UV resistance—ask enclosure manufacturers to inform you of their UV protection available
- appearance—the finish or color choices; many new options for color are available
Image 2. Users should consider materials, rating standards and environment when choosing an enclosure.Rating Standards: A Starting Point for Your Selection
TYPE 1: Enclosures constructed for indoor use to provide a degree of protection to personnel against access to hazardous parts and to provide a degree of protection of the equipment inside the enclosure against ingress of solid foreign objects (falling dirt)
TYPE 2: Enclosures constructed for indoor use to provide a degree of protection to personnel against access to hazardous parts; to provide a degree of protection of the equipment inside the enclosure against ingress of solid foreign objects (falling dirt); and to provide a degree of protection with respect to harmful effects on the equipment due to the ingress of water (dripping and light splashing)
TYPE 3: Enclosures constructed for either indoor or outdoor use to provide a degree of protection to personnel against access to hazardous parts; to provide a degree of protection of the equipment inside the enclosure against ingress of solid foreign objects (falling dirt and windblown dust); to provide a degree of protection with respect to harmful effects on the equipment due to the ingress of water (rain, sleet, snow); and that will be undamaged by the external formation of ice on the enclosure
TYPE 4: Enclosures constructed for either indoor or outdoor use to provide a degree of protection to personnel against access to hazardous parts; to provide a degree of protection of the equipment inside the enclosure against ingress of solid foreign objects (falling dirt and windblown dust); to provide a degree of protection with respect to harmful effects on the equipment due to the ingress of water (rain, sleet, snow, splashing water and hose directed water); and that will be undamaged by the external formation of ice on the enclosure
TYPE 4X: Enclosures constructed for either indoor or outdoor use to provide a degree of protection to personnel against access to hazardous parts; to provide a degree of protection of the equipment inside the enclosure against ingress of solid foreign objects (windblown dust); to provide a degree of protection with respect to harmful effects on the equipment due to the ingress of water (rain, sleet, snow, splashing water and hose directed water); that provides an additional level of protection against corrosion; and that will be undamaged by the external formation of ice on the enclosure
TYPE 5: Enclosures constructed for indoor use to provide a degree of protection to personnel against access to hazardous parts; to provide a degree of protection of the equipment inside the enclosure against ingress of solid foreign objects (falling dirt and settling airborne dust, lint, fibers and flyings); and to provide a degree of protection with respect to harmful effects on the equipment due to the ingress of water (dripping and light splashing)
TYPE 6: Enclosures constructed for either indoor or outdoor use to provide a degree of protection to personnel against access to hazardous parts; to provide a degree of protection of the equipment inside the enclosure against ingress of solid foreign objects (falling dirt); to provide a degree of protection with respect to harmful effects on the equipment due to the ingress of water (hose directed water and the entry of water during occasional temporary submersion at a limited depth); and that will be undamaged by the external formation of ice on the enclosure
TYPE 6P: Enclosures constructed for either indoor or outdoor use to provide a degree of protection to personnel against access to hazardous parts; to provide a degree of protection of the equipment inside the enclosure against ingress of solid foreign objects (falling dirt); to provide a degree of protection with respect to harmful effects on the equipment due to the ingress of water (hose directed water and the entry of water during prolonged submersion at a limited depth); that provides an additional level of protection against corrosion and that will be undamaged by the external formation of ice on the enclosure
TYPE 12: Enclosures constructed (without knockouts) for indoor use to provide a degree of protection to personnel against access to hazardous parts; to provide a degree of protection of the equipment inside the enclosure against ingress of solid foreign objects (falling dirt and circulating dust, lint, fibers and flyings); and to provide a degree of protection with respect to harmful effects on the equipment due to the ingress of water (dripping and light splashing)
TYPE 13: Enclosures constructed for indoor use to provide a degree of protection to personnel against access to hazardous parts; to provide a degree of protection of the equipment inside the enclosure against ingress of solid foreign objects (falling dirt and circulating dust, lint, fibers and flyings); to provide a degree of protection with respect to harmful effects on the equipment due to the ingress of water (dripping and light splashing); and to provide a degree of protection against the spraying, splashing and seepage of oil and noncorrosive coolants
For full details on NEMA ratings, visit: www.nema.org/products/documents/nema-enclosure-types.pdf
Conclusion
Metallic and nonmetallic enclosures are both viable options for applications in the pumps and systems industry. However, the performance and value for the specified application must always be considered. Enclosure specifiers in the pump industry who educate themselves and ask good questions about all available options make better choices and reduce the risk of failure for their company further down the road.