Reciprocating compressors are a vital part of the oil and gas refining process. Without safe, reliable and efficient machines, facilities will face unexpected downtime, costly repairs and lost production.
Fortunately, the development of modern monitoring software options has allowed refineries to detect dangerous faults early. They have the opportunity to correct them before they become catastrophic failures.
Liquid Entrainment
One monitoring software solution recently identified a liquid entrainment problem on a reciprocating compressor at an oil and gas refinery. The program detected that discharge pressure values were spiking as high as 40 bar gauge (BARG), when they were expected to stay steady at around 30 BARG. During the next two weeks, the software detected fluctuations in discharge pressure as high as 40 BARG and as low as 15 BARG. The software provider diagnosed the apparent cause as liquid entrainment within the system.
This compressor system is equipped with a gas discharge cooler and a discharge cooler bypass temperature control valve (TCV) that is used to control temperature downstream of the cooler at a predetermined set point. When the TCV is partially bypassing the discharge cooler—usually on colder days—liquid forms in the cooler as a result of the predominant flow path bypassing the cooler. Over time, this accumulating liquid decreases available flow area through the coolers.
Figure 1. Engine combustibles reading had been slowly increasing to 13.0 percent LEL, with model prediction at approximately 0.14 percent LEL. The end user investigated the issue and found that the increasing amount of above engine combustibles was due to a loose fuel header. The fuel header was tightened to immediately reduce the amount of combustibles. (Graphics courtesy of GE Intelligent Platforms)As the temperature begins to rise, the TCV will redirect the gas flow through the cooler. This ultimately causes a surging effect as pressure builds up before pushing the accumulated liquid out of the cooler.
The surging effect that this reciprocating compressor was experiencing can be detrimental to the condition of the compressor. Surging changes the loading on the piston rod and crankshaft significantly and could lead to failure of these components. This formation of liquid will also cause rapid filling of the suction knockout drum and increase the possibility of liquid entrainment in the gas to the compressor suction (if the recycle valve is open at that time).
The refinery is currently experiencing high demand on natural gas production, so they are closely monitoring this piece of equipment until the situation can be addressed during the next outage. Because the monitoring software was able to detect this problem, the refinery will now be able to address the issue before it results in costly damage and downtime.
Above Engine Combustibles Issue
At another oil and gas facility, the software detected a gradual increase in the above engine combustibles reading on a reciprocating compressor. Given the engine speed on the machine, the above engine combustibles reading was expected to be 0.14 percent lower explosive limit (LEL). However, the actual reading was 13.0 percent LEL.
The software provider notified the user of this fault through a high-priority email and began tracking the issue.
The user investigated the problem and found a loose fuel header. The refinery team immediately tightened the fuel header to reduce the amount of combustible gases that were leaking.
Figure 2. Screenshot depicting fluctuations in actual discharge pressure (blue) versus expected discharge pressure (green)The software notification gave the user an opportunity to quickly fix a leaking fuel header. If the amount of combustibles had continued to increase, it could have caused an unplanned shutdown, resulting in production loss and excessive maintenance costs. If not corrected, the high combustibles level eventually could have caused catastrophic failure of the machine and unsafe working conditions. The monitoring solution was able to help the user verify that the above engine combustibles readings returned to a safe level after the maintenance action was performed.