Gold fever has returned to the Yukon. The miners of the late 19th-century gold rush were drawn by tales of “easy pickings,” but they soon learned that only the best equipment survived the rigors of the Yukon’s brutal environment. More than a century later, that knowledge still holds true.
In 2013, the U.S. Geological Survey reported that 231,000 kilograms of gold were mined in the U.S., with nearly 15 percent of the supply from Alaska. At $1,400 per troy ounce, large and small mining companies have returned to the Great White North.
Effective and efficient water management leads to big success—and big profits—for gold mining operations. Large or small, the most successful operations rely on comprehensive plans to address ground and surface water predictions, public supply and external factors such as evaporation, precipitation and melting snow.
Todd Hoffman, owner of 316 Mining and founder of the Discovery Channel series Gold Rush, said, “The right pump is probably the single most important piece of equipment for gold sluicing. You cannot find gold without water.”
2014 Gold Rush crew with a package used for process water in GuyanaSitting on a Gold Mine
Based in Sandy, Oregon, 316 Mining has invested recent success into process and equipment improvement, but initially, the Hoffmans spent too much capital on too little pump. Labor-intensive 3-inch portable gas pumps did not do the job.
“Managing the pumps was a two-man project that was 24/7,” said Jim Thruber, processing plant manager who is responsible for separating dirt and rock from the gold. “It was challenging because we were in bear country. We had guys running out in the dark with flashlights to add fuel to the pumps and provide maintenance. It was tough. We constantly had problems with the belts slipping and breaking, fuel management and plugging.”
One night while watching a Gold Rush episode with his son, a pump manufacturer employee observed the struggles that dominated the 316 Mining operation. At the end of the show, his son said, “Daddy, these guys need a good pump.” He agreed, so the next day he contacted the Hoffmans.
A diesel package on the jobsite in the YukonThe pump manufacturer’s team had the opportunity to hear the miners’ challenges firsthand. The team members recognized that the miners faced insurmountable odds and wanted to help. They quickly embraced solving the unique pump problems and requirements. A difficult lift situation was the first priority: The only access to the gold plunged 90 feet at the excavation site. Additionally, the pump would have to operate in low temperatures and handle water laden with rock and dirt. It also had to support multiple applications throughout the mining process, including processing pay dirt with a consistent water stream that was different from the site dewatering applications.
Complex Features, Simple Design
A pump with a wide band of stable operating flows was needed. The mining project made passing both large, discrete solids and suspended, abrasive fines a priority. Difficulty getting the pump close to the water source resulted in a high net positive suction head required. All these features must be combined in a durable and simple design that offered long maintenance intervals with simple maintenance procedures requiring little to no specialized tools. Some pumps are designed for rental markets in which wide operating ranges and high suction lift capabilities are required.
Accommodating the passage of large solids and optimum hydraulic passage and vane profiles is a significant design challenge. Solids passage size is not simply based on measuring the outlet width of the impeller. It also includes the vane-to-vane-to-shroud clearances from the leading edges to the outlet.
A key element of durability in the field is the rigidity of the pump shaft. For some pump manufacturers, raw materials do not make up a great portion of the cost of production relative to machining costs. Large-diameter, rigid shafts build in great durability for the shaft and sealing system without making the equipment prohibitively expensive. The same philosophy guides the selection of bearing sizes while ensuring that the bearings are not under-loaded, often an overlooked cause of bearing failure.
A diesel package used in Season 2 in AlaskaThe pumping package selected for 316 Mining was a 6-by-6-inch, heavy-duty, solids-handling pump that moves up to 3,400 gallons of water per minute—nearly three times that of the Hoffmans’ existing pump system. With a maximum head of 200 feet, the pump manages the losses imposed by long suction and delivery lines. The pump’s run-dry feature allows it to dry-prime and re-prime continuously, without supervision or fear of equipment damage. Maintenance costs are minimized because it can operate unattended. The package also included a four-cylinder, 64-horsepower diesel engine and a weather-resistant control panel.
Handling solids up to 3 inches, the pump easily passes large rocks and fines. The case is constructed of ductile iron rather than gray iron, increasing its resistance to impact damage from large rocks. The impeller is cast in CA6NM stainless steel, which provides abrasion and cavitation resistance. The pump shaft is constructed in 17-4PH stainless steel and is supported on paired, back-to-back angular contact bearings at the drive end and a single row, deep groove ball bearing at the pump end. All thrust is carried by the angular contact bearings, while the pump-end bearing carries only radial loads.
Gold Rush has illustrated the value that the selected pump has brought to the 316 Mining project. In one episode, the pump had to be repositioned closer to the gold mine entrance in a series of precarious moves where it dangled by a chain from the bucket of a large track hoe. The project leaders looked confident in their equipment—if not in their improvised moving technique.